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The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) provides acquisition guidance for large commercial boilers, a product category covered by FEMP-designated efficiency requirements.
FEMP's acquisition guidance and efficiency requirements apply to gas- or oil-fired, low-pressure hot water or steam boilers used in commercial space heating applications with a rated capacity above 2,500,000 and at or below 10,000,000 British thermal units per hour (Btu/h). High-pressure boilers (i.e., those used in industrial and cogeneration applications) are excluded, while residential boilers (i.e., those with a capacity less than 300,000 Btu/h) and small commercial boilers (above 300,000 Btu/h and at or below 2,500,000 Btu/h) are covered by the ENERGY STAR program.
This acquisition guidance was updated in June .
Federal purchases of commercial boilers must meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements and thermal efficiencies listed in Table 1. These efficiency levels can be voluntarily adopted by non-federal organizations, institutions, and purchasers.
Table 1. Efficiency Requirements for Large Commercial BoilersProduct ClassRated CapacityFuelHeating MediumEfficiency* (%)Large Gas-Fired Hot Water>2,500,000 Btu/h and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hGasHot WaterEc ≥ 96.0Large Gas-Fired Steam>2,500,000 Btu/h and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hGasSteamEt ≥ 83.7Large Oil-Fired Hot Water>2,500,000 Btu/h and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hOilHot WaterEc ≥ 89.0Large Oil-Fired Steam>2,500,000 Btu/h and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hOilSteamEt ≥ 85.8*Both thermal efficiency (Et) and combustion efficiency (Ec) are based on 10 CFR Part 431.86 - Uniform test method for the measurement of energy efficiency of commercial packaged boilers.With the Clean Energy Rule finalized in Spring , federal agencies must significantly reduce the use of on-site fossil fuels in new and majorly renovated facilities used for federal purposes. From FY to FY , federal entities must reduce the use of fossil fuels by 90% in facilities that are newly constructed or undergoing major renovation (exceeding a total cost threshold of $3.8 million in dollars for federally owned buildings). To comply, contracting officers should avoid purchases of commercial fossil fuel-fired boilers. Federal buyers are encouraged to consult the Clean Energy Rule webpage for further guidance. If no technically practicable alternative to a fossil-fueled product can be found that meets the mission requirements of the agency, an agency may obtain guidance, or request technical assistance, or petition for downward adjustment of the fossil fuel reduction target from FEMP by contacting the Clean Energy Rule team.
FEMP has calculated that a 3,000,000 Btu/h gas-fired hot water commercial boiler meeting the required combustion efficiency level of 96.0% Ec saves money if priced no more than $59,703 above the base model. The best available model saves the average user more: $66,839 in lifetime energy costs. Table 2 compares three types of product purchases and calculates the lifetime cost savings of purchasing efficient models. Federal purchasers can assume products that meet FEMP-designated efficiency requirements are life cycle cost-effective.
Table 2. Lifetime Savings for Efficient 3,000,000 Btu/h Gas-Fired, Hot Water BoilersPerformanceBest AvailableRequired ModelBase ModelCombustion Efficiency98.0%96.0%82.0%Annual Energy Use (therms/yr)35,,,000Annual Energy Cost ($/yr)$29,808$30,429$35,625Lifetime Energy Cost (25 year)$342,552$349,689$409,392Lifetime Energy Cost Savings$66,839$59,703======Annual Energy Use: 1,400 full-load hours per year, for 25 years.
Annual Energy Cost: Calculated based on an assumed natural gas price of 8.48¢ per therm, which is the average price at federal facilities in the United States (Site-Delivered Energy Use by End-Use Sector and Energy Type in Fiscal Year ).
Lifetime Energy Cost: Future electricity price trends and a 3% discount rate are from the Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – : Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135 and NBS Special Publication 709 (NISTIR 85--39).
Lifetime Energy Cost Savings: The difference between the lifetime energy cost of the less efficient model and the lifetime energy cost of the required model or best available model.
Calculated based on highest efficiency model identified in publicly provided manufacturer data as of June . Note that more efficient models may be introduced to the market after FEMP's acquisition guidance is posted.
Calculated based on FEMP-designated efficiency requirements. Federal agencies must purchase products that meet or exceed FEMP-designated efficiency levels.
Calculated based on the current federal minimum efficiency standard for this product type.
An efficient product is cost-effective when the lifetime energy savings (from avoided energy costs over the life of the product, discounted to present value) exceed the additional up-front cost (if any) compared to a less efficient option. FEMP considers up-front costs and lifetime energy savings when setting required efficiency levels. Federal purchasers can assume products that meet FEMP-designated efficiency requirements are life cycle cost-effective. In high-use applications or when energy rates are above the federal average, purchasers may save more if they specify products that exceed FEMP efficiency requirements (e.g., the best available model).
Federal laws and requirements mandate that agencies purchase ENERGY STAR-qualified products or FEMP-designated products in all product categories covered by these programs and in any acquisition actions that are not specifically exempted by law.
These mandatory requirements apply to all forms of procurement, including construction guide and project specifications; renovation, repair, energy service, and operation and maintenance (O&M) contracts; lease agreements; acquisitions made using purchase cards; and solicitations for offers.
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 23.206 requires agencies to insert the clause at FAR section 52.223-15 into contracts and solicitations that deliver, acquire, furnish, or specify energy-consuming products for use in federal government facilities.
To comply with FAR requirements, FEMP recommends that agencies incorporate efficiency requirements into technical specifications, the evaluation criteria of solicitations, and the evaluations of solicitation responses.
Agencies may claim an exception to the Clean Energy Rule if no alternative to a fossil-fuel powered product is found that meets the technical needs and mission requirements of the agency. If an agency wishes to obtain further guidance, request technical assistance or petition for downward adjustment on the fossil fuel reduction target from FEMP, they may do so by contacting the Clean Energy Rule team and following the petition process. Contracting officers should still aim to purchase products that meet the ENERGY STAR or FEMP-designated requirements and minimize emissions as much as possible.
Products meeting FEMP-designated efficiency requirements may not be life cycle cost-effective in certain low-use applications or in locations with very low rates for natural gas or fuel oil. However, for most applications, purchasers will find that energy-efficient products have the lowest life cycle cost.
Agencies may claim an exception to federal purchasing requirements through a written finding that no FEMP-designated or ENERGY STAR-qualified product is available to meet functional requirements, or that no such product is life cycle cost-effective for the specific application. Learn more about federal product purchasing requirements.
The federal supply sources for energy-efficient products are the General Services Administration (GSA) and the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA).
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provide programs that help federal agencies buy products with positive environmental attributes.
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Identification codes for product categories covered by sustainable acquisition requirements are provided by DLA and the United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC).
Under the Multiple Award Schedule program, GSA issues long-term governmentwide contracts that provide access to commercial products, services, and solutions at pre-negotiated pricing.
Federal buyers can use the GSA Multiple Award Schedules to find a vendor and pull up their latest price list. Alternatively, buyers can search for a specific product in GSA Advantage! or enter the product in GSA eBuy to get a quote from multiple vendors. Before purchasing a product through one of these channels or a preferred vendor, buyers should make sure the product meets the FEMP or ENERGY STAR efficiency requirements. For solicitations, buyers should include the relevant FAR clause and incorporate energy efficiency into the contract language and evaluation criteria to ensure compliance with the federal purchasing requirements.
DLA offers products through the Defense Supply Center Philadelphia and online through FedMall (formerly DOD EMALL).
Products sold through DLA are codified with a 13-digit National Stock Number (NSN) and, in some cases, a two-letter Environmental Attribute Code (ENAC). The ENAC identifies items that have positive environmental characteristics and meet standards set by an approved third party, such as FEMP and ENERGY STAR.
USDA's BioPreferred Program was created to increase the purchase and use of biobased products. Federal law, the FAR, and Presidential Executive Orders direct that all federal agencies and their contractors purchase biobased products in categories identified by USDA.
EPA offers several resources for choosing which products to buy. The Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program helps federal government purchasers utilize private sector standards and ecolabels to identify and procure environmentally preferable products and services.
UNSPSC is a worldwide classification system for e-commerce. It contains more than 50,000 commodities, including many used in the federal sector, each with a unique eight-digit, four-level identification code. Manufacturers and vendors are beginning to adopt the UNSPSC classification convention and electronic procurement systems are beginning to include UNSPSC tracking in their software packages. UNSPSCs can help the federal acquisition community identify product categories covered by sustainable acquisition requirements, track purchases of products within those categories, and report on progress toward meeting sustainable acquisition goals.
GSA offers commercial boilers through Multiple Award Schedule Industrial Products HVAC and C schedules.
DLA's ENAC for commercial boilers is "HF."
The UNSPSCs for commercial boilers are , , , , and .
A boiler system should be capable of meeting the building's peak heating demand and also operate efficiently at part-load conditions. Selecting the right system and properly sizing a boiler requires knowledge of both the peak demand and load profile. If building loads are highly variable, as is common in commercial buildings, designers should consider installing multiple small (modular) boilers in addition to boilers that have modulating burners. In periods of low demand, some of the boilers can be isolated from the other boilers and not incur any standby losses or cycling losses. They can also be automatically staged such that each boiler is running at its most efficient operating point without incurring additional cycling.
For guidance on boiler rightsizing and quality installation, consult the American National Standards Institute/Air Conditioning Contractors of America Standard 5: HVAC Quality Installations Specification (ANSI/ACCA 5 QI ).
Federal procurement officers and buyers should consider specifying boilers with the following features:
Many new energy consuming commercial boilers come equipped with Internet of Things (IoT) sensing components, and network connectivity. Making a new purchase or replacement represents a prime opportunity to evaluate the vulnerabilities of your network. All IoT-enabled devices introduce novel exposures to potential data breaches. Building controls and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems are no exception. Security can almost never be networked in after the fact, and so it is important to ensure that your networked devices are secure. Also, regularly testing for network vulnerabilities is key. For more information on how to build cybersecure networks of building technologies, consult FEMP’s Energy and Cybersecurity Integration resources and Cyber-Securing Facility Related Control Systems fact sheet.
Several diagnostic and maintenance procedures are important to maintain efficient boiler operation. Flue gas temperature monitoring is useful in detecting efficiency and operating problems. Maintaining steady excess air levels (with an oxygen trim sensor) ensures that burners will mix air and fuel properly. Low water levels can damage boilers, so water levels should be checked frequently as part of a regular maintenance program. Water treatment can prolong boiler life as well as increase efficiency. Waterside and fireside surfaces should be cleaned annually.
The Boiler Efficiency Institute provides maintenance and operation manuals for boilers and boiler control systems. To encourage quality operations and maintenance, building engineers can also refer to ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180: Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC Systems. In addition, the FEMP O&M Best Practices Guide, Release 3.0, Chapter 9 provides valuable information on operation and maintenance of boiler systems.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory provided supporting analysis for this acquisition guidance.
Investing in industrial boiler equipment is a significant decision that can impact the efficiency and productivity of various industrial processes. The term “industrial boiler” encompasses a broad range of systems designed to meet the demanding requirements of heavy-duty applications. This guide aims to provide comprehensive insights into the key factors one should consider when purchasing industrial boiler equipment, ensuring a well-informed decision aligned with specific operational needs.
Industrial boilers come in various types, each tailored to specific applications. Common types include fire-tube boilers, water-tube boilers, and electric boilers. Understanding the distinct characteristics of these boiler types is crucial in determining which one best suits the industrial process requirements.
To make an informed decision, it’s essential to familiarize oneself with the key components of industrial boiler equipment. These include the boiler itself, burners, combustion chambers, heat exchangers, and control systems. Understanding the role of each component ensures a comprehensive evaluation of the entire system.
Determining the required capacity and output of the industrial boiler is the first step in the selection process. Assessing the heat or steam requirements of the industrial process is crucial to avoid underperformance or overcapacity issues. The right-sized boiler ensures optimal efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Efficiency is a critical factor in the selection of industrial boiler equipment. High-efficiency boilers not only reduce energy consumption but also contribute to cost savings over the long term. Look for boilers with advanced combustion technology and heat recovery systems to maximize efficiency and performance.
Choosing the appropriate fuel type for industrial boiler equipment is a pivotal decision. Common fuel options include natural gas, diesel, biomass, and coal. Consider factors such as fuel availability, cost, and environmental impact when selecting the fuel source for the industrial boiler.
Adherence to environmental standards is essential for regulatory compliance. Industrial boiler equipment must meet emission standards to minimize environmental impact. Ensure that the chosen equipment complies with local and international regulations, reducing the risk of legal and operational challenges.
Regular maintenance is crucial for the longevity and reliability of industrial boiler equipment. Evaluate the availability of maintenance services and the ease of obtaining replacement parts. A well-maintained boiler ensures consistent performance and minimizes downtime.
Adherence to environmental standards is essential for regulatory compliance. Industrial boiler equipment must meet emission standards to minimize environmental impact. Ensure that the chosen equipment complies with local and international regulations, reducing the risk of legal and operational challenges.
The purchase of industrial boiler equipment requires a meticulous evaluation of various factors to ensure optimal performance and efficiency. By following this ultimate guide, businesses can confidently invest in industrial boiler equipment that aligns with their specific operational needs, facilitating seamless and efficient industrial processes.
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