Jul. 07, 2025
Chemicals
Andrade, O. V., Ihara, F. O., and Troster, E. J. Metabolic acidosis in childhood: why, when and how to treat. J Pediatr (Rio J) ;83(2 Suppl):S11-S21. View abstract.
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Barna, P. Sodium bicarbonate: burst stomachs and high sodium. J Clin Gastroenterol ;8(6):697-698. View abstract.
Brady JP, Hasbargen JA. Correction of metabolic acidosis and its effect on albumin in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis ;31(1):35-40. View abstract.
Brar, S. S., Hiremath, S., Dangas, G., Mehran, R., Brar, S. K., and Leon, M. B. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced-acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol ;4(10):-. View abstract.
Brater DC, Kaojarern S, Benet LZ, et al. Renal excretion of pseudoephedrine. Clin Pharmacol Ther ;28(5):690-4. View abstract.
Brismar B, Strandberg A, Wiklund B. Stomach rupture following ingestion of sodium bicarbonate. Acta Chir Scand Suppl ;530:97-9. View abstract.
Brown, G. R. and Greenwood, J. K. Drug- and nutrition-induced hypophosphatemia: mechanisms and relevance in the critically ill. Ann Pharmacother ;28(5):626-632. View abstract.
Cameron SL, McLay-Cooke RT, Brown RC, Gray AR, Fairbairn KA. Increased blood pH but not performance with sodium bicarbonate supplementation in elite rugby union players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab ;20(4):307-21. View abstract.
Carr MM, Smith RL. Ceruminolytic efficacy in adults versus children. J Otolaryngol ;30:154-6. View abstract.
Carr, A. J., Hopkins, W. G., and Gore, C. J. Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis. Sports Med ;41(10):801-814. View abstract.
Clegg, A. J., Loveman, E., Gospodarevskaya, E., Harris, P., Bird, A., Bryant, J., Scott, D. A., Davidson, P., Little, P., and Coppin, R. The safety and effectiveness of different methods of earwax removal: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess ;14(28):1-192. View abstract.
Edwards HG, Currie KJ, Ali HR, et al. Raman spectroscopy of natron: shedding light on ancient Egyptian mummification. Anal Bioanal Chem ;388(3):683-9. View abstract.
Fitzgibbons, L. J. and Snoey, E. R. Severe metabolic alkalosis due to baking soda ingestion: case reports of two patients with unsuspected antacid overdose. J Emerg Med ;17(1):57-61. View abstract.
Fjellstedt, E., Denneberg, T., Jeppsson, J. O., and Tiselius, H. G. A comparison of the effects of potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate in the alkalinization of urine in homozygous cystinuria. Urol Res ;29(5):295-302. View abstract.
Food and Drug Administration. A Catalog of FDA Approved Drug Products. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/ (Accessed 28 June ).
Fraser JG. The efficacy of wax solvents: in vitro studies and a clinical trial. J Laryngol Otol ;84:-64. View abstract.
Gao, J. P., Costill, D. L., Horswill, C. A., and Park, S. H. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves performance in interval swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol ;58(1-2):171-174. View abstract.
Glaser, N., Barnett, P., McCaslin, I., Nelson, D., Trainor, J., Louie, J., Kaufman, F., Quayle, K., Roback, M., Malley, R., and Kuppermann, N. Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. N Engl J Med ;344(4):264-269. View abstract.
GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Database. Food Ingredient and Packaging Inventories. SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances). Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=SCOGS&sort=Sortsubstance&order=ASC&startrow=251&type=basic&search=
Heck, K. L., Potteiger, J. A., Nau, K. L., and Schroeder, J. M. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion does not attenuate the VO2 slow component during constant-load exercise. Int J Sport Nutr ;8(1):60-69. View abstract.
Ho, K. M. and Morgan, D. J. Use of isotonic sodium bicarbonate to prevent radiocontrast nephropathy in patients with mild pre-existing renal impairment: a meta-analysis. Anaesth Intensive Care ;36(5):646-653. View abstract.
Hogan, S. E., L'Allier, P., Chetcuti, S., Grossman, P. M., Nallamothu, B. K., Duvernoy, C., Bates, E., Moscucci, M., and Gurm, H. S. Current role of sodium bicarbonate-based preprocedural hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J ;156(3):414-421. View abstract.
Horswill, C. A., Costill, D. L., Fink, W. J., Flynn, M. G., Kirwan, J. P., Mitchell, J. B., and Houmard, J. A. Influence of sodium bicarbonate on sprint performance: relationship to dosage. Med Sci Sports Exerc ;20(6):566-569. View abstract.
Hoste, E. A., De Waele, J. J., Gevaert, S. A., Uchino, S., and Kellum, J. A. Sodium bicarbonate for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant ;25(3):747-758. View abstract.
Howell, J. H. Sodium bicarbonate in the perinatal setting--revisited. Clin Perinatol ;14(4):807-816. View abstract.
Hughes, G. S., Heald, D. L., Barker, K. B., Patel, R. K., Spillers, C. R., Watts, K. C., Batts, D. H., and Euler, A. R. The effects of gastric pH and food on the pharmacokinetics of a new oral cephalosporin, cefpodoxime proxetil. Clin Pharmacol Ther ;46(6):674-685. View abstract.
Joannidis, M., Schmid, M., and Wiedermann, C. J. Prevention of contrast media-induced nephropathy by isotonic sodium bicarbonate: a meta-analysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr ;120(23-24):742-748. View abstract.
Kanbay, M., Covic, A., Coca, S. G., Turgut, F., Akcay, A., and Parikh, C. R. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized trials. Int Urol Nephrol ;41(3):617-627. View abstract.
Keane EM, Wilson H, McGrane D, Coakley D, Walsh JB. Use of solvents to disperse ear wax. Br J Clin Pract ;49:71-2. View abstract.
Kunadian, V., Zaman, A., Spyridopoulos, I., and Qiu, W. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of published clinical trials. Eur J Radiol ;79(1):48-55. View abstract.
Lemmon WT, Paschal GW Jr. Rupture of the stomach following ingestion of sodium bicarbonate. Ann Surg ;114(6):997-. View abstract.
Lindh, A. M., Peyrebrune, M. C., Ingham, S. A., Bailey, D. M., and Folland, J. P. Sodium bicarbonate improves swimming performance. Int J Sports Med ;29(6):519-523. View abstract.
Lokesh, L., Kumar, P., Murki, S., and Narang, A. A randomized controlled trial of sodium bicarbonate in neonatal resuscitation-effect on immediate outcome. Resuscitation ;60(2):219-223. View abstract.
Mastrangelo, M. R. and Moore, E. W. Spontaneous rupture of the stomach in a healthy adult man after sodium bicarbonate ingestion. Ann Intern Med ;101(5):649-650. View abstract.
Matson, L. G. and Tran, Z. V. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on anaerobic performance: a meta-analytic review. Int J Sport Nutr ;3(1):2-28. View abstract.
McNaughton L, Cedaro R. The effect of sodium bicarbonate on rowing ergometer performance in elite rowers. Aust J Sci Med Sport ;23(3):66-69.
McNaughton, L. R. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and its effects on anaerobic exercise of various durations. J Sports Sci ;10(5):425-435. View abstract.
McNaughton, L., Dalton, B., and Palmer, G. Sodium bicarbonate can be used as an ergogenic aid in high-intensity, competitive cycle ergometry of 1 h duration. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol ;80(1):64-69. View abstract.
Meier, P., Ko, D. T., Tamura, A., Tamhane, U., and Gurm, H. S. Sodium bicarbonate-based hydration prevents contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis. BMC Med ;7:23. View abstract.
Navaneethan, S. D., Singh, S., Appasamy, S., Wing, R. E., and Sehgal, A. R. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis ;53(4):617-627. View abstract.
Neavyn MJ, Boyer EW, Bird SB, Babu KM. Sodium acetate as a replacement for sodium bicarbonate in medical toxicology: a review. J Med Toxicol ;9(3):250-4. View abstract.
Neuvonen, P. J. and Karkkainen, S. Effects of charcoal, sodium bicarbonate, and ammonium chloride on chlorpropamide kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther ;33(3):386-393. View abstract.
O'Neil-Cutting, M. A. and Crosby, W. H. The effect of antacids on the absorption of simultaneously ingested iron. JAMA ;255(11):-. View abstract.
Okuda, Y., Adrogue, H. J., Field, J. B., Nohara, H., and Yamashita, K. Counterproductive effects of sodium bicarbonate in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab ;81(1):314-320. View abstract.
Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Brent J, Vale JA. Does urine alkalinization increase salicylate elimination? If so, why? Toxicol Rev ;22(3):129-36. View abstract.
Proudfoot, A. T., Krenzelok, E. P., and Vale, J. A. Position Paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol ;42(1):1-26. View abstract.
Salerno, D. M., Murakami, M. M., Johnston, R. B., Keyler, D. E., and Pentel, P. R. Reversal of flecainide-induced ventricular arrhythmia by hypertonic sodium bicarbonate in dogs. Am J Emerg Med ;13(3):285-293. View abstract.
Stellingwerff, T., Boit, M. K., and Res, P. T. Nutritional strategies to optimize training and racing in middle-distance athletes. J Sports Sci ;25 Suppl 1:S17-S28. View abstract.
Szeto CC, Wong TY, Chow KM, Leung CB, Li PK. Oral sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of metabolic acidosis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized placebo-control trial. J Am Soc Nephrol ;14(8):-26. View abstract.
Thomas SH, Stone CK. Acute toxicity from baking soda ingestion. Am J Emerg Med ;12(1):57-9. View abstract.
Thong, S., Hooper, W., Xu, Y., Ghassemi, A., and Winston, A. Enhancement of plaque removal by baking soda toothpastes from less accessible areas in the dentition. J Clin Dent ;22(5):171-178. View abstract.
Trivedi, H., Nadella, R., and Szabo, A. Hydration with sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nephrol ;74(4):288-296. View abstract.
Wenzel, V., Krismer, A. C., Mayr, V. D., Voelckel, W. G., Strohmenger, H. U., and Lindner, K. H. [Drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation]. Wien Klin Wochenschr ;113(23-24):915-926. View abstract.
Woolf, A. D., Erdman, A. R., Nelson, L. S., Caravati, E. M., Cobaugh, D. J., Booze, L. L., Wax, P. M., Manoguerra, A. S., Scharman, E. J., Olson, K. R., Chyka, P. A., Christianson, G., and Troutman, W. G. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) ;45(3):203-233. View abstract.
Zajac A, Cholewa J, Poprzecki S, et al. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on swim performance in youth athletes. J Sports Sci Med ;8:45-50. View abstract.
Zer M, Chaimoff C, Dintsman M. Spontaneous rupture of the stomach following ingestion of sodium bicarbonate. Arch Surg ;101(4):532-3. View abstract.
Zoungas, S., Ninomiya, T., Huxley, R., Cass, A., Jardine, M., Gallagher, M., Patel, A., Vasheghani-Farahani, A., Sadigh, G., and Perkovic, V. Systematic review: sodium bicarbonate treatment regimens for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Ann Intern Med ;151(9):631-638. View abstract.
Akwagyiram I, Butler A, Maclure R, Colgan P, Yan N, Bosma ML. A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a 67 % sodium bicarbonate-containing dentifrice on 0.2 % chlorhexidine digluconate mouthwash tooth staining. BMC Oral Health. ;16(1):79. View abstract.
Alshahrani MS, Aldandan HW. Use of sodium bicarbonate in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Emerg Med ;14(1):21. View abstract.
Barna, P. Sodium bicarbonate: burst stomachs and high sodium. J Clin Gastroenterol ;8(6):697-698. View abstract.
Berry AM. A comparison of Listerine® and sodium bicarbonate oral cleansing solutions on dental plaque colonisation and incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised control trial. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. ;29(5):275-81. View abstract.
BiCARB study group. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of oral sodium bicarbonate therapy for older patients with chronic kidney disease and low-grade acidosis (BiCARB): a pragmatic randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Med. Apr 9;18(1):91. View abstract.
Bjornson DC, Stephenson SR. Cisplatin-induced massive renal tubular failure with wastage of serum electrolytes. Clin Pharm ;2;80-3. View abstract.
Boegman S, Stellingwerff T, Shaw G, et al. The impact of individualizing sodium bicarbonate supplementation strategies on world-class rowing performance. Front Nutr ;7:138. View abstract.
Braat MCP, Jonkers RE, Bel EH, Van Boxtel CJ. Quantification of theophylline-induced eosinopenia and hypokalamia in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet ;22:231-7.. View abstract.
Bradberry SM, Thanacoody HK, Watt BE, Thomas SH, Vale JA. Management of the cardiovascular complications of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning : role of sodium bicarbonate. Toxicol Rev. ;24(3):195-204. View abstract.
Braden GL, von Oeyen PT, Germain MJ, et al. Ritodrine- and terbutaline-induced hypokalemia in preterm labor: mechanisms and consequences. Kidney Int ;51:-75.. View abstract.
Brady JP, Hasbargen JA. Correction of metabolic acidosis and its effect on albumin in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis ;31(1):35-40. View abstract.
Brar, S. S., Hiremath, S., Dangas, G., Mehran, R., Brar, S. K., and Leon, M. B. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced-acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol ;4(10):-. View abstract.
Brater DC, Kaojarern S, Benet LZ, et al. Renal excretion of pseudoephedrine. Clin Pharmacol Ther ;28(5):690-4. View abstract.
Brismar B, Strandberg A, Wiklund B. Stomach rupture following ingestion of sodium bicarbonate. Acta Chir Scand Suppl ;530:97-9. View abstract.
Bruccoleri RE, Burns MM. A literature review of the use of sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of QRS widening. J Med Toxicol. ;12(1):121-9. View abstract.
Calvo JL, Xu H, Mon-López D, Pareja-Galeano H, Jiménez SL. Effect of sodium bicarbonate contribution on energy metabolism during exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr ;18(1):11. View abstract.
Cantore S, Ballini A, Mori G, et al. Anti-plaque and antimicrobial efficiency of different oral rinses in a 3-day plaque accumulation model. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. ;30(4):-. View abstract.
Carr MM, Smith RL. Ceruminolytic efficacy in adults versus children. J Otolaryngol ;30:154-6. View abstract.
Carr, A. J., Hopkins, W. G., and Gore, C. J. Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis. Sports Med ;41(10):801-814. View abstract.
Chang CY, Wu PH, Hsiao CT, Chang CP, Chen YC, Wu KH. Sodium bicarbonate administration during in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation ;162:188-197. View abstract.
Chen X, Huang T, Cao X, Xu G. Comparative efficacy of drugs for preventing acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: A network meta-analysis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. ;18(1):49-58. View abstract.
Clegg, A. J., Loveman, E., Gospodarevskaya, E., Harris, P., Bird, A., Bryant, J., Scott, D. A., Davidson, P., Little, P., and Coppin, R. The safety and effectiveness of different methods of earwax removal: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess ;14(28):1-192. View abstract.
Clifton GD, Hunt BA, Patel RC, Burki NK. Effects of sequential doses of parenteral terbutaline on plasma levels of potassium and related cardiopulmonary responses. Am Rev Respir Dis ;141:575-9.. View abstract.
Crane J, Burgess CD, Graham AN, Maling TJB. Hypokalemic and electrocardiographic effects of aminophylline and salbutamol in obstructive airways disease. NZ Med J ;100:309-11.
DeClerck MP, Bailey Y, Craig D, et al. Efficacy of topical treatments for Chrysaora chinensis species: A human model in comparison with an in vitro model. Wilderness Environ Med. ;27(1):25-38. View abstract.
Deenstra M, Haalboom JRE, Struyvenberg A. Decrease of plasma potassium due to inhalation of beta-2-agonists: absence of an additional effect of intravenous theophylline. Eur J Clin Invest ;18:162-5.. View abstract.
Driller MW, Gregory JR, Williams AD, Fell JW. The effects of chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and interval training in highly trained rowers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. ;23(1):40-7. View abstract.
Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Adrian J, Kaminska J, Podgórski T. Nutr Metab (Lond). The influence of progressive-chronic and acute sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic power and specific performance in team sports: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. May 24;17:38. View abstract.
Fitzgibbons, L. J. and Snoey, E. R. Severe metabolic alkalosis due to baking soda ingestion: case reports of two patients with unsuspected antacid overdose. J Emerg Med ;17(1):57-61. View abstract.
Flack JM, Ryder KW, Strickland D, Whang R. Metabolic correlates of theophylline therapy: a concentration-related phenomenon. Ann Pharmacother ;28:175-9.. View abstract.
Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services. 21 CFR Part 331. Antacid Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Amendment to Antacid Final Monograph; Proposed Rule. Federal Register. ;59(22):-.
Food and Drug Administration. A Catalog of FDA Approved Drug Products. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/ (Accessed 28 June ).
Fraser JG. The efficacy of wax solvents: in vitro studies and a clinical trial. J Laryngol Otol ;84:-64. View abstract.
Gaggl M, Repitz A, Riesenhuber S, et al. Effect of oral sodium bicarbonate treatment on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements in patients with chronic kidney disease and metabolic acidosis. Front Med (Lausanne) ;8:. View abstract.
Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician ;33:165-74. View abstract.
Gelmont DM, Balmes JR, Yee A. Hypokalemia induced by inhaled bronchodilators. Chest ;94:763-6.. View abstract.
Ghassemi A, Vorwerk L, Cirigliano A, et al. Clinical effectiveness evaluation of a new whitening dentifrice. J Clin Dent. ;26(3):66-71. View abstract.
Giacoppo D, Gargiulo G, Buccheri S, et al. Preventive strategies for contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures: evidence from a hierarchical Bayesian network meta-analysis of 124 trials and 28,240 patients. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. May;10(5). View abstract.
Gonzalez J, Hogg R. Metabolic alkalosis secondary to baking soda treatment of a diaper rash. Pediatrics. ;67:820-822. View abstract.
Grgic J, Garofolini A, Pickering C, Duncan MJ, Tinsley GM, Del Coso J. Isolated effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance in the Yo-Yo test: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. Jan;23(1):41-47. View abstract.
Grgic J, Mikulic P. Ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on middle-, but not short-distance swimming tests: A Meta-Analysis. J Diet Suppl . View abstract.
Grgic J, Pedisic Z, Saunders B, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr ;18(1):61. View abstract.
Grgic J, Rodriguez RF, Garofolini A, et al. Effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on muscular strength and endurance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. Jul;50(7):-. View abstract.
Grgic J. Effects of Sodium bicarbonate ingestion on measures of wingate test performance: A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Nutr .View abstract.
Gurton WH, Gough LA, Sparks SA, Faghy MA, Reed KE. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves time-to-exhaustion cycling performance and alters estimated energy system contribution: A dose-response investigation. Front Nutr. Sep 8;7:154. View abstract.
Haalboom JRE, Deenstra M, Struyvenberg A. Effect of fenoterol on plasma potassium and cardiac ectopic activity (letter). Lancet ;2:45.
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Hilton NP, Leach NK, Craig MM, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR. Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate attenuates gastrointestinal side-effects. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Nov 21:1-7. View abstract.
Ho, K. M. and Morgan, D. J. Use of isotonic sodium bicarbonate to prevent radiocontrast nephropathy in patients with mild pre-existing renal impairment: a meta-analysis. Anaesth Intensive Care ;36(5):646-653. View abstract.
Hogan, S. E., L'Allier, P., Chetcuti, S., Grossman, P. M., Nallamothu, B. K., Duvernoy, C., Bates, E., Moscucci, M., and Gurm, H. S. Current role of sodium bicarbonate-based preprocedural hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J ;156(3):414-421. View abstract.
Hoste, E. A., De Waele, J. J., Gevaert, S. A., Uchino, S., and Kellum, J. A. Sodium bicarbonate for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant ;25(3):747-758. View abstract.
Hughes A, Brown A, Valento M. Hemorrhagic encephalopathy from acute baking soda ingestion. West J Emerg Med. ;17(5):619-22. View abstract.
Hughes, G. S., Heald, D. L., Barker, K. B., Patel, R. K., Spillers, C. R., Watts, K. C., Batts, D. H., and Euler, A. R. The effects of gastric pH and food on the pharmacokinetics of a new oral cephalosporin, cefpodoxime proxetil. Clin Pharmacol Ther ;46(6):674-685. View abstract.
Isaac G, Holland OB. Drug-induced hypokalamia: A cause for concern. Drugs & Aging ;2:35-41.
Johnson BE. Resistant hypertension due to pica (baking soda). Lancet. Mar 11;1():550-1. View abstract.
Jones RL, Stellingwerff T, Artioli GG, Saunders B, Cooper S, Sale C. Dose-response of sodium bicarbonate ingestion highlights individuality in time course of blood analyte responses. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. ;26(5):445-453. View abstract.
Jose A, Parkinson CR, Manger C, Bielfeldt S, Krause C. Randomized Clinical Dose-Response Study to Evaluate Plaque Removal by Three Experimental Sodium Bicarbonate Toothpastes Using a Single Brushing Model. J Clin Dent. ;29(4):75-80. View abstract.
Kanbay, M., Covic, A., Coca, S. G., Turgut, F., Akcay, A., and Parikh, C. R. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized trials. Int Urol Nephrol ;41(3):617-627. View abstract.
Keane EM, Wilson H, McGrane D, Coakley D, Walsh JB. Use of solvents to disperse ear wax. Br J Clin Pract ;49:71-2. View abstract.
Kourtellidou SI, Ashby DR, Johansson LR. Oral sodium bicarbonate in people on haemodialysis: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Nephrol ;22(1):346. View abstract.
Kunadian, V., Zaman, A., Spyridopoulos, I., and Qiu, W. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of published clinical trials. Eur J Radiol ;79(1):48-55. View abstract.
Kung M, White JR, Burki NK. The effect of subcutaneously administered terbutaline on serum potassium in asymptomatic adult asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis ;129:329-32.. View abstract.
Lemmon WT, Paschal GW Jr. Rupture of the stomach following ingestion of sodium bicarbonate. Ann Surg ;114(6):997-. View abstract.
Lipworth BJ, McDevitt DG. Beta-adrenoceptor responses to inhaled salbutamol in normal subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol ;36:239-45.. View abstract.
Lokesh, L., Kumar, P., Murki, S., and Narang, A. A randomized controlled trial of sodium bicarbonate in neonatal resuscitation-effect on immediate outcome. Resuscitation ;60(2):219-223. View abstract.
Lomax A, Patel S, Wang N, et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a 67% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste on gingivitis. Int J Dent Hyg. ;15(4):e35-e41. View abstract.
Lopes-Silva JP, Reale R, Franchini E. Acute and chronic effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on Wingate test performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. ;37(7):762-771. View abstract.
Lowder SC, Brown RD. Hypertension corrected by discontinuing chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion. Subsequent transient hypoaldosteronism. Am J Med. Feb;58(2):272-9. View abstract.
Maconochie IK, Aickin R, Hazinski MF, et al. Pediatric life support: International Consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. ;142(16_suppl_1):S140-S184. View abstract.
Mahadevan U. Gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. ;21(5):849-77. View abstract.
Mastrangelo, M. R. and Moore, E. W. Spontaneous rupture of the stomach in a healthy adult man after sodium bicarbonate ingestion. Ann Intern Med ;101(5):649-650. View abstract.
Matson, L. G. and Tran, Z. V. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on anaerobic performance: a meta-analytic review. Int J Sport Nutr ;3(1):2-28. View abstract.
Mazzarello V, Piu G, Ferrari M, Piga G. Efficacy of a topical formulation of sodium bicarbonate in mild to moderate stable plaque psoriasis: a randomized, blinded, intrapatient, controlled study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). ;9(3):497-503. View abstract.
Mc Naughton LR, Dalton B, Tarr J, Buck D. Neutralize acid to enhance performance. Sportscience Training & Technology. . Available at: https://www.sportsci.org/traintech/buffer/lrm.htm
McKay AKA, Peeling P, Binnie MJ, et al. Topical sodium bicarbonate: No improvement in blood buffering capacity or exercise performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. Jun 22:1-7. View abstract.
Meier, P., Ko, D. T., Tamura, A., Tamhane, U., and Gurm, H. S. Sodium bicarbonate-based hydration prevents contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis. BMC Med ;7:23. View abstract.
Melamed ML, Horwitz EJ, Dobre MA, et al. Effects of sodium bicarbonate in CKD stages 3 and 4: A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis. Feb;75(2):225-234. View abstract.
Miranda WAS, Barreto LBM, Miarka B, et al. Can sodium bicarbonate supplementation improve combat sports performance? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Nutr Rep ;11(2):273-282. View abstract.
Mohammadi F, Oshvandi K, Kamallan SR, et al. Effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate and zinc chloride mouthwashes in the treatment of oral mucositis and quality of life in patients with cancer under chemotherapy. Nurs Open ;9(3):-. View abstract.
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Electrolytes are substances that have a natural positive or negative electrical charge when dissolved in water. An adult's body is about 60% water, which means nearly every fluid and cell in your body contains electrolytes. They help your body regulate chemical reactions, maintain the balance between fluids inside and outside your cells, and more.
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Your body gets electrolytes or their components from what you eat and drink. Your kidneys filter excess electrolytes out of your body and into your urine. You also lose electrolytes when you sweat.
Key terms to know:
Your cells use electrolytes to conduct electrical charges, which is how your muscles contract. Those same electrical charges also help with chemical reactions, especially when it comes to hydration and the balance of fluids inside and outside of cells.
The key principle that electrolytes rely on is that certain chemical elements can naturally hold a positive or a negative electrical charge. When those elements are dissolved in a liquid, that liquid can then conduct electricity.
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An example of this is salt water, which conducts electricity easily. Salt consists of sodium (positively charged) and chlorine (negatively charged), and when combined, their charges balance each other out. Atoms with an electrical charge are called ions (positive ions are called cations, while negative ions are called anions).
Dissolving salt in water splits the sodium and chlorine atoms apart, which means they go back to being positively and negatively charged. Electricity jumps between the sodium and chlorine ions — not the water molecules — because they have opposite electrical charges.
At the most basic chemical level, electrolytes help your body maintain balance. Just like electricity uses ions to travel from place to place in salt water, your body uses ions to transport chemical compounds in and out of cells.
There are several key elements that your body needs to maintain normal electrolyte levels. The following section includes the major elements, marked as positive (+) or negative (-), and what happens when there’s too much or too little of that element.
Sodium plays a critical role in helping your cells maintain the right balance of fluid. It’s also used to help cells absorb nutrients. It’s the most abundant electrolyte ion found in the body.
Magnesium helps your cells as they turn nutrients into energy. Your brain and muscles rely heavily on magnesium to do their job.
Your cells use potassium alongside sodium. When a sodium ion enters a cell, a potassium ion leaves, and vice versa. Potassium is also especially critical to your heart function. Too much or too little can cause serious heart problems.
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Calcium is a key element in your body, but it does more than just build strong bones and teeth. It’s also used to control your muscles, transmit signals in your nerves, manage your heart rhythm and more. Having too much or too little calcium in your blood can cause a wide range of symptoms across different systems in your body.
Chloride (the name for a chlorine ion) is the second-most abundant ion in the body. It’s also a key part of how your cells maintain their internal and external balance of fluid. It also plays a role in maintaining the body’s natural pH balance.
This can cause acidosis, which is when your blood’s acidity is too high. It results in nausea, vomiting and fatigue, as well as rapid, deeper breathing and confusion. This usually happens in connection with too much or too little potassium.
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Phosphate is a phosphorous-based molecule that’s a key part of transporting chemical compounds and molecules outside your cells. It helps your cells metabolize nutrients, and it’s also a key part of molecules called nucleotides, which are the building blocks that make up your DNA.
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Not all the carbon dioxide that your body makes gets sent to your lungs for you to breathe it out. Instead, some gets recycled into bicarbonate, which your body uses to keep your blood pH levels normal.
Most lab results include your result number and a reference range. A reference range has an upper and a lower limit, and any result that falls between the two is considered a “normal” result. Most of these results are communicated as "how much of a substance can be found in a specific sample size."
Mass is a unit of “how much.” It’s not the same as weight. The units of mass that are used are millimoles, milliequivalents or milligrams.
The prefix “milli-" means “1/1,000th.” The units of volume are usually displayed as a liter or fractions of a liter, like a deciliter (dL, which is 1/10th of a liter) or milliliter (mL, which is 1/1,000th of a liter).
This infographic lists the normal (typical) ranges for each electrolyte in your blood.
This infographic lists the normal (typical) ranges for each electrolyte in your urine.
Because everyone is different, sometimes you may have a result that falls outside the reference range. In other cases, you may have a normal result, but symptoms you're having and other test results will show you have a health problem.
One way to understand it is to think of the carnival trick where an entertainer spins a plate on the end of a wooden stick. If the plate leans too far in any direction, it will fall off, so balance is crucial. Your electrolyte levels and lab results rely on a similar balancing act, and your body is always trying to keep things as balanced as possible. Your body may be masking a problem by compensating with another body system or process. If your medical provider runs more than one test, they are likely making sure that your body isn’t hiding one problem by creating another.
Your healthcare provider or their staff can tell you when to expect your test results back.
If you don't understand your test results or have a result that isn't within the reference range and you have questions or concerns, you should call your healthcare provider. You should also call your healthcare provider if you notice a sudden change in any symptoms related to any test done on your electrolyte levels.
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